An elementary school in the Philadelphia suburb of Warminster recently opened up a time capsule from 1968. Unfortunately for time capsule purists, this uncapsuling was a bit premature. You see, the McDonald Elementary School's time capsule wasn't supposed to be opened until the year 2068.
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June 20, 2013 ? A study led by researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has found for the first time that thirdhand smoke -- the noxious residue that clings to virtually all surfaces long after the secondhand smoke from a cigarette has cleared out -- causes significant genetic damage in human cells.
Furthermore, the study also found that chronic exposure is worse than acute exposure, with the chemical compounds in samples exposed to chronic thirdhand smoke existing in higher concentrations and causing more DNA damage than samples exposed to acute thirdhand smoke, suggesting that the residue becomes more harmful over time.
"This is the very first study to find that thirdhand smoke is mutagenic," said Lara Gundel, a Berkeley Lab scientist and co-author of the study. "Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, some of the chemical compounds in thirdhand smoke, are among the most potent carcinogens there are. They stay on surfaces, and when those surfaces are clothing or carpets, the danger to children is especially serious."
Their paper, "Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells," was published in the journal Mutagenesis. The lead investigator was Bo Hang, a biochemist in the Life Sciences Division of Berkeley Lab; he worked with an interdisciplinary group, including chemists from Berkeley Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division -- Gundel, Hugo Destaillats and Mohamad Sleiman -- as well as scientists from UC San Francisco, UCLA Medical Center and the University of Texas.
Berkeley Lab scientists (from left) Altaf Sarker, Mohamad Sleiman, Lara Gundel, Bo Hang and Hugo Destaillats worked on the thirdhand smoke study. (Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt/Berkeley Lab)
The researchers used two common in vitro assays, the Comet assay and the long amplicon-qPCR assay, to test for genotoxicity and found that thirdhand smoke can cause both DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage, which can lead to gene mutation. Genotoxicity is associated with the development of diseases and is a critical mechanism responsible for many types of cancer caused by smoking and secondhand smoke exposure.
"Until this study, the toxicity of thirdhand smoke has not been well understood," Hang said. "Thirdhand smoke has a smaller quantity of chemicals than secondhand smoke, so it's good to have experimental evidence to confirm its genotoxicity."
It is the first major study of disease-related mechanisms to come out of the California Consortium on the Health Effects of Thirdhand Smoke, which was established two years ago largely as a result of work published in 2010 by Gundel, Destaillats, Sleiman and others. The Consortium is funded by the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program, which is managed by the University of California and funded by state cigarette taxes.
The 2010 studies from Berkeley Lab found that residual nicotine can react with ozone and nitrous acid -- both common indoor air pollutants -- to form hazardous agents. When nicotine in thirdhand smoke reacts with nitrous acid it undergoes a chemical transformation and forms carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines, such as NNA, NNK and NNN. Nicotine can react with ozone to form ultrafine particles, which can carry harmful chemicals and pass through human tissue. Humans can be exposed to thirdhand smoke through inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.
Thirdhand smoke is particularly insidious because it is extremely difficult to eradicate. Studies have found that it can still be detected in dust and surfaces of apartments more than two months after smokers moved out. Common cleaning methods such as vacuuming, wiping and ventilation have not proven effective in lowering nicotine contamination. "You can do some things to reduce the odors, but it's very difficult to really clean it completely," said Destaillats. "The best solution is to substitute materials, such as change the carpet, repaint."
Now the new study suggests thirdhand smoke could become more harmful over time. To generate the samples, the researchers put paper strips in smoking chambers. The acute samples, generated at Berkeley Lab, were exposed to five cigarettes smoked in about 20 minutes, and the chronic samples, generated at UCSF, were exposed to cigarette smoke for 258 hours over 196 days. During that time, the chamber was also ventilated for about 35 hours.
The researchers found that the concentrations of more than half of the compounds studied were higher in the chronic samples than in the acute. They also found higher levels of DNA damage caused by the chronic samples. "The cumulative effect of thirdhand smoke is quite significant," Gundel said. "The findings suggest the materials could be getting more toxic with time."
Hang and coworkers exposed the human cells by first extracting the compounds from the paper with a culture medium then using the medium to culture the human cells for 24 hours. The concentrations of the compounds were carefully measured. "They are close to real-life concentrations, and in fact are on the lower side of what someone might be exposed to," Hang said.
Next Hang is pursuing further understanding of the chemistry of the NNA reaction with DNA bases. NNA is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine that is not found in freshly emitted secondhand smoke. "It looks like it's a very important component of thirdhand smoke, and it is much less studied than NNK and NNN in terms of its mutagenic potential," he said.
The researchers conclude in their paper: "Ultimately, knowledge of the mechanisms by which thirdhand smoke exposure increases the chance of disease development in exposed individuals should lead to new strategies for prevention."
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/_x6DoAyQxV0/130620132459.htm
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A recent Associated Press-WE tv poll found more than 8 in 10 men said they have always wanted to be fathers or think they'd like to be one someday.
Debates about the different ways women approach motherhood dominate news coverage about parenthood these days, with fathers' experiences often left unexamined.
A look at what the poll found on how men view fatherhood, and the changes it has brought for those who have become dads:
BECOMING A DAD
About 8 in 10 fathers surveyed said they always knew they wanted to have children, compared with about 7 in 10 mothers, and 69 percent of dads called that long-standing desire to have children an important factor in their decision to have kids.
Dads were more likely than moms in the poll to say they saw positive effects from fatherhood on their love life and career, and they are just as likely as moms to say it improved their overall happiness, sense of accomplishment and sense of purpose.
When weighing whether to become a parent, mothers and fathers placed similar levels of importance on where they stood in their career and the impact having kids might have on their social life, and like mothers, saw having found the right person to have a child with and the joy of having children as the most important considerations.
ASPIRING TO FATHERHOOD
Men who do not have children were just as likely as women without kids to say they want them someday. Among men under age 35, 91 percent are dads already or say they think they would like to have children someday.
Men were more likely than women to say the main reason they'd like to become fathers someday is to carry on traditions or family history. According to the poll, 14 percent of men called that a top reason compared with 4 percent of women. Women place greater emphasis on wanting to be a parent, to care for and raise a child ? 22 percent among women who want children compared with 2 percent among men.
MARRIED, WITH KIDS
Three-quarters of dads said they were married when their first child was born. Among those men who aren't married and who would like to have children, about one-quarter say they would consider having or adopting a child without a partner, though 88 percent within this group say they do want to get married someday.
Men are a bit more skeptical than women that a single mother can do as good a job raising a child as two parents can, and men are more likely to say an increase in the number of single mothers is bad for society. Still, about half of men in the survey said the growing variety in family arrangements these days ultimately doesn't make much difference.
The AP-WE tv poll was conducted May 15-23, 2013, using KnowledgePanel, GfK's probability-based online panel. It involved online interviews with 1,277 people age 18-49, including interviews with 637 men. The survey has a margin of sampling error of plus or minus 3.8 percentage points for all respondents; it is larger for subgroups.
KnowledgePanel is constructed using traditional telephone and mail sampling methods to randomly recruit respondents. People selected who had no Internet access were given it for free.
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Online:
http://surveys.ap.org
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/poll-most-men-aspire-dads-152103915.html
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LONDON (AP) ? Queen Elizabeth II is celebrating her birthday with traditional pomp and circumstance ? but without her husband by her side.
Prince Philip remains in the hospital, recovering from exploratory abdominal surgery.
The queen invited her cousin, the Duke of Kent, to accompany her in a vintage carriage. Other royals ? including Prince Harry and the Duchess of Cambridge ? joined in the celebration Saturday.
More than 1,000 soldiers, horses and musicians are taking part in the parade known as "Trooping the Color," an annual ceremony marking the queen's official birthday.
The monarch's actual birthday was on April 21, when she turned 87.
The ceremony originates from traditional battle preparations, when "colors," which refer to military flags, were carried down the rank to be seen by soldiers.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/parade-marks-queen-elizabeth-iis-birthday-101929879.html
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Steve Jobs was not looking to enter the ebook market before the creation of the iPad. This is according to Apple's SVP of Internet Software and Services Eddy Cue, testifying in the Justice Department's ebook price-fixing case. According to Cue's testimony, it was the iPad that caused Jobs finally come around to the idea of an ebook service from Apple.
When I got my first chance to touch the iPad, I became completely convinced that this was a huge opportunity for us to build the best e-reader that the market had ever seen,? Cue said. ?And so I went to Steve and told him why I thought [the iPad] was going to be a great device for ebooks. ? and after some discussions he came back and said, you know, I think you?re right. I think this is great, and then he started coming up with ideas himself about what he wanted to do with it and how it would be even better as a reader and store.
Cue was put in charge of securing deals with publishers, much as he did with music labels in past years. The particular challenge for Cue here was that he was given this assignment in November 2009, with Apple planning to unveil the iPad the following January. Cue said that getting the deals was of special significance to him personally, as Jobs' health was visibly deteriorating at the time. The iBookstore launched in March 2010 with over 60,000 titles, which has expanded to 1.5 million in the last three years. Apple has an application for iBooks on both the iPad and the iPhone, and starting this fall, they'll have one on the Mac as well.
Source: All Things D
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Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/TheIphoneBlog/~3/4FieoUTENkU/story01.htm
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We’re hearing from multiple sources that private social network Path is raising a new round of funding that could value the company as high as $1 billion. According to one source, the company is in the process of seeking between $75 million to $100 million in new funding from investors. We hear investors are approaching Path after a period of high growth, but as of yet no one has tossed out a valuation number or an amount that has stuck. These reports come amidst controversy surrounding Path’s growth tactics and rumors that it is seeking an acquisition (which could still be the case as an alternative to raising more money). To date, Path has raised nearly $42 million in funding from VCs like Kleiner Perkins, Index Ventures and Redpoint (among many others). Path, which now has 12 million users, was founded in 2010 and is led by former Facebooker Dave Morin. The startup has had a frenzied past few months. The company’s app was accused of?spamming users,?had its hand slapped by Facebook and was forced to pay an $800,000 fine to the FTC over uploading user address books in their entirety to its servers. Last year, Path raised $30 million at a $250 million valuation, so $1 billion is a pretty big jump for the social network. Google offered over $100 million for Path back in 2011, but Morin famously turned down the acquisition in favor of raising more money.Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/7L8QMSxqLJY/
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